Liver Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Liver Cancer
Reviewed by Kamran Mahmood, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Board Certified in Pulmonology & Critical Care.
Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often develops in individuals with chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. Early detection can greatly improve outcomes, but liver cancer is frequently diagnosed in its later stages due to subtle symptoms. Understanding the risk factors, recognizing early signs, and seeking timely medical evaluation are key to improving survival rates.
Risk Factors
Chronic hepatitis B or C infection.
Excessive alcohol consumption leading to liver damage.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Obesity and diabetes.
Signs and Symptoms
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Unexplained weight loss and appetite loss.
Abdominal pain or swelling.
Fatigue and nausea.
Dark urine or pale stools.
Diagnosis
Imaging Tests
Ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans detect liver abnormalities.
Blood Tests
Measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor marker for liver cancer.
Biopsy
Confirms the presence and type of liver cancer.
Treatment
Surgery
Liver resection or transplantation for localized cancer.
Ablative Therapies
Techniques like radiofrequency ablation to destroy cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy
Drugs like sorafenib for advanced cases.
Immunotherapy
Helps the immune system attack cancer cells.
Screening
Individuals with chronic liver conditions should undergo regular ultrasounds and AFP blood tests for early detection.
Prevention
Vaccination against hepatitis B.
Avoiding risky behaviors that could lead to hepatitis C infection.
Limiting alcohol intake and maintaining a healthy weight.
Regular medical check-ups for individuals with liver disease.
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