Colorectal Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Colorectal Cancer
Reviewed by Kamran Mahmood, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Board Certified in Pulmonology & Critical Care.
Colorectal cancer is a serious yet preventable condition that develops in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. As one of the most common types of cancer, it affects millions worldwide. Understanding its symptoms, risk factors, and the importance of regular screenings—like colonoscopies—can make a life-saving difference. Early detection not only improves survival rates but also offers the chance to prevent cancer before it starts.
Understanding Colon and Rectal Cancers
Colon Cancer
Begins in the lining of the colon and may spread to deeper layers or other parts of the body.
Rectal Cancer
Starts in the rectum, the last section of the digestive system, and shares many similarities with colon cancer.
Importance of Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is a critical tool for detecting colorectal cancer at an early stage. It can identify polyps (abnormal growths) in the colon or rectum, which can be removed before they turn cancerous.
Regular colonoscopies are recommended starting at age 45 or earlier for those with a family history of colorectal cancer.
Common Symptoms
Persistent changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of stool).
Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding.
Abdominal discomfort, cramps, or bloating.
Unexplained weight loss and fatigue.
Diagnosis
Colonoscopy
Allows visualization of the colon and rectum and removal of polyps for biopsy.
Imaging Tests
CT colonography or MRI to detect abnormalities.
Fecal Tests
Such as fecal occult blood test (FOBT) to check for blood in the stool.
Biopsy
Confirms the presence of cancerous cells.
Treatment
Surgery
Removal of the cancerous portion of the colon or rectum, often with reconnection of the healthy parts.
Radiation Therapy
Commonly used for rectal cancer to shrink tumors before surgery.
Chemotherapy
Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells, often for advanced stages.
Targeted Therapy
Focuses on specific proteins in cancer cells to stop their growth.
Immunotherapy
Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Screening
Regular screenings include:
Colonoscopy
every 10 years.
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Annually checks for hidden blood in the stool.
CT Colonography
Every 5 years for those unable to undergo a colonoscopy.
Prevention
Maintain a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Reduce red and processed meat consumption.
Stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake.
Regular screenings are crucial for preventing cancer or detecting it early.
Colorectal cancer is preventable and highly treatable if caught early. Awareness of symptoms and adherence to screening guidelines can save lives.
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