Skin Cancer

Reviewed by Kamran Mahmood, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Board Certified in Pulmonology & Critical Care.

Skin cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer worldwide, often resulting from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. While it can appear anywhere on the body, it is most common in areas frequently exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, and arms. Early detection and preventative measures are essential for effective treatment and reducing long-term risks.

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Types of Skin Cancer

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

   • The most common and least aggressive type.

   • Often appears as a shiny bump or a sore that doesn’t heal.

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

   • The second most common type.

   • Typically presents as scaly patches or red, firm bumps.

3. Melanoma

   • The most dangerous type due to its potential to spread.

   • May appear as a new mole or a change in an existing one, often with irregular borders or multiple colors.

Importance of Sun Protection and Early Signs

• Protecting your skin from UV rays is vital to reducing the risk of skin cancer.

• Watch for changes in moles, new growths, or sores that don’t heal. Use the ABCDE rule for melanoma:

  • Asymmetry

  • Border irregularity

  • Color variation

  • Diameter larger than 6mm

  • Evolving shape or size

Diagnosis

• Skin Exam

  A dermatologist inspects the skin for suspicious growths.

• Biopsy

  A small sample of skin is removed for testing.

• Dermatoscopy

  Uses a magnifying device to examine moles and lesions.

Treatment

• Surgical Removal

  Excision of the affected area is common for all types.

• Cryotherapy

  Freezing cancerous lesions, typically for early-stage BCC or SCC.

• Radiation Therapy

  Used for cases where surgery isn’t an option.

• Immunotherapy or Targeted Therapy

  Often used for advanced melanoma.

Screening

Regular self-examinations and annual dermatologist check-ups are key to catching skin cancer early.

Prevention

• Use broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) daily.

• Avoid peak sun hours (10 AM to 4 PM).

• Wear protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses.

• Avoid tanning beds and opt for sunless tanning products.

Early detection and prompt treatment can significantly improve outcomes for skin cancer.

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